Which factors can affect resistance in a conductor?

Resistance in a conductor is influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors, making the choice that includes material, area, length, and temperature the correct one.

The material of the conductor is fundamental because different materials have varying intrinsic properties such as resistivity. For example, copper has lower resistivity than aluminum, which means it will have lower resistance for a given shape and size.

The cross-sectional area of the conductor also plays a significant role; a larger area allows more electrons to flow through the conductor, thereby reducing resistance. This is why thicker wires have lower resistance than thinner ones.

The length of the conductor is another crucial factor. As the length increases, the electrons have to travel further, which increases resistance. A longer conductor means that there are more opportunities for collisions between charge carriers and the atoms, thus increasing resistance.

Temperature is critical as well; typically, as temperature increases, the resistance of conductive materials also increases. This is due to the increased vibration of atoms within the conductor at higher temperatures, which impedes the flow of electrons.

The other options presented contain factors that do not directly affect the resistance in the same fundamental ways. For instance, frequency does not inherently change the resistance of a conductor, while voltage and power are more related to